交通拥挤收费空间公平性探讨

将出行者按照时间价值（VOT）和地域划分为不同群体,在一个简单路网上建立交通网络模型,分析拥挤收费的公平性影响.研究模拟居民的多种不同出行选择,分析了实施拥挤收费对两处居民各类人群在出行方式分担、行程时间以及交通可达性等方面的影响.研究发现,对于始发地居民,引入拥挤收费能够降低其行程时间,提高可达性;而对于周边道路沿途的居民,若周边道路通行能力不高,适当的拥挤收费会提高可达性,若周边道路通行能力较好,拥挤收费则会小幅度的减少其交通可达性.     

基于土地利用的城轨新站点客流预测方法研究

城市轨道交通线路规划、设计和建设全过程年限较长,在此期间土地利用规划通常多有调整,导致工可研阶段的客流预测结果难以支撑新线开通时运输计划编制等运营管理工作。提出一种基于土地利用的城轨新站点客流预测方法,首先研究城轨站点周边人口岗位数据统计方法,其次提出人口岗位比、人口岗位总数和站点可达性指标概念,基于K近邻非参数回归预测方法构建进出站量预测模型,最后依托广州地铁客流数据对模型进行精度分析。结果表明,所有站点进站量预测的平均绝对误差占平均实际进站量的19.0%,进站量大于2万人次的站点平均相对误差为16.0%,所提方法可为城轨新线开通后运输组织提供决策依据。     

北京市重点功能区轨道交通网络加密研究

针对北京市中心城区重点功能区范围内轨道交通线网密度、站点覆盖率不足等问题,以北京CBD重点功能区为研究对象,应用空间句法理论及空间分割方法,建立CBD地区道路网空间句法模型,量化分析该区域内可达性与交通流量的关系,结合既有轨道交通网络,对CBD地区轨道交通线网规划设计、路由选择提出指导性建议.结果表明,将可达性评价指标与交通流量相结合,能够定量描述城市轨道交通网络可达性及结构绩效,并选择可达性较高轨道交通线路路由.该方法适用于城市轨道交通线网规划以及不同规划方案的比选和评价,可以作为方案评价方法之一,同时应该结合其他线网规划要素,在城市轨道交通线网规划中作为重要考虑因素综合研究.     

铁路司机员工作压力与影响因素研究

铁路司机员的工作表现直接关系到铁路营运安全,因此了解司机员感受工作压力的来源,并探讨其心理与压力反应,是铁路公司管理阶层积极想了解的议题。本研究以压力典范模式(压力来源调节变项压力反应)的理论架构为基础,最终获得工作压力量表。通过对台湾铁路管理局之司机员施测量测,探讨及检定本研究之工作压力模式,进而提出改善工作压力的方法,提供铁路公司经营者参考。研究结果显示,驾驶室之物理环境及路线环境是司机员最主要之工作压力来源,而司机员的知觉工作压力量测结果越大者,心理健康状况及工作满意度均较差。     

铁路旅客列车乘务员工作倦怠探析

铁路旅客列车乘务员工作倦怠是乘务人员不能顺利应对工作压力时的一种消极反应,是乘务员在长期压力体验下产生的情感、态度和行为的衰竭状态。文章首先阐述了工作倦怠的概念,然后介绍了列车乘务员工作倦怠的表现效果,最后分析了列车乘务员工作倦怠的成因及应对策略。     

A Dynamic Job Scheduling Algorithm for Parallel System

One of the fundamental problems in parallel and distributed systems is deciding how to allocate jobs to processors. The goals of job scheduling in a parallel environment are to minimize the parallel execution time of a job and try to balance the user‘s desire with the system‘s desire. The users always want their jobs be completed as quickly as possible, while the system wants to service as many jobs as possible. In this paper, a dynamic job-scheduling algorithm was introduced. This algorithm tries to utilize the information of a practical system to allo-cate the jobs more evenly. The communication time between the processor and scheduler is overlapped with the computation time of the processor. So the communication overhead can he little. The principle of scheduling the job is based on the desirability of each processor. The scheduler would not allocate a new job to a processor that is already fully utilized. The execution efficiency of the system will he increased. This algorithm also can he reused in other complex algorithms.     

工艺数字化系统中工时定额管理子系统

说明了工艺数字化系统（PDS）中工时定额管理的意义。基于工时定额计算的数学模型C－模型，研究开发了工时定额管理子系统。系统实现了车、铣、创、磨、铸、锻、焊、热处理等工时定额的计算，并实现了与CAD与MIS系统的集成。     

北京市商业区可达性研究

为建立商业区可达性计算方法,并为未来商业区的选址、设计提供参考,选取北京市较为典型的5个商业区为研究对象,对商业区的特点进行了分析。从理论上探讨了计算商业区可达性包含的4个因素：土地利用、交通系统、时间因素以及个体因素。借鉴潜能模型,提出了可达性理论模型,并给出具体的可达性计算公式。以北京市5个商业区中18个大中型商场为例,计算可达性以及各区域到达这些商业区的可达性分布。     

Neighborhood services,trip purpose,and tour-based travel

Communities are increasingly looking to land use planning strategies to reduce drive-alone travel. Many planning efforts aim to develop neighborhoods with higher levels of accessibility that will allow residents to shop closer to home and drive fewer miles. To better understand how accessible land use patterns relate to household travel behavior, this paper is divided into three sections. The first section describes the typical range of services available in areas with high neighborhood accessibility. It explains how trip-based travel analysis is limited because it does not consider the linked (chained) nature of most travel. The second section describes a framework that provides a more behavioral understanding of household travel. This framework highlights travel tours, the sequence of trips that begin and end at home, as the basic unit of analysis. The paper offers a typology of travel tours to account for different travel purposes; by doing so, this typology helps understand tours relative to the range of services typically offered in accessible neighborhoods. The final section empirically analyzes relationships between tour type and neighborhood access using detailed travel data from the Central Puget Sound region (Seattle, Washington). Households living in areas with higher levels of neighborhood access are found to complete more tours and make fewer stops per tour. They make more simple tours (out and back) for work and maintenance (personal, appointment, and shopping) trip purposes but there is no difference in the frequency of other types of tours. While they travel shorter distances for maintenance-type errands, a large portion of their maintenance travel is still pursued outside the neighborhood. These findings suggest that while higher levels of neighborhood access influences travel tours, it does not spur households to complete the bulk of their errands close to home.     

Reduced dwell times resulting from train–platform improvements: the costs and benefits of improving passenger accessibility to metro trains

Abstract

This paper examines whether a dwell time reduction on a high-intensity metro service, as a result of a series of accessibility enhancements, can contribute to an increased level of service and accessible public transport for passengers together with a reduction in costs for the operator. Actual train operation data were collected by on-site observations and from London Underground Ltd. A simple simulation is built to represent the effect on the overall cycle times of trains if certain parameters (e.g. dwell time) are changed. Four models are developed, concerning: (1) step height between train and platform, (2) an assumption of passenger service time to be no longer than 20 s, (3) door width and (4) the combination of step height and door width. From the application of the models it appears that the fourth model provides the highest reduction in dwell time and diminishes the overall cycle times of trains. However, it is the most expensive to implement as it requires work to raise platforms and the purchase of new rolling stock.